Fundamentals of Administration Curriculum and Supervision Essay Example for Free

Fundamentals of Administration Curriculum and Supervision Essay Introduction Administration curriculum and supervision in education developed out of the desire to run schools under laid down skills, rules and guidelines. This was supposed to be carried out by professors and educational practitioners. In the 18thcentury this process was governed by professionally unskilled men from the local community. The administration process in education is comprised of government officials in charge of education that is from the ministry o education, the professors, curriculum developers and designers, heads of schools and the teachers’ staff. The curriculum involves stakeholders in education, professors and teachers. Supervision consists of almost the members in administration with others like inspectors and invigilators. These are charged with the role of monitoring the implementation of programmes in schools. (Doll, W. E. 1993) In this paper am concerned with the fundamentals of administration that is main the main areas of responsibility in administration, challenges that leaders face in education, the curriculum in the American society and the supervision process in education as well as problems encountered in supervision in schools. The three factors are important in the education system because schools are run by programmmes, set of rules and guidelines which can only be done by administrators, curriculum developers and supervisors. Fundamentals of administration Administration is used to mean governance or a body of rules regulations and programmes that guide the running of an organization. In the education context it is the management in schools or educational institutions. This process is very important since it facilitates effectiveness and efficiency in planning and running school programmes. There are several departments in the sector of education and just like any other organization it needs experts in different fields to perform the function of governance. In my opinion the various main areas of responsibility in administration are as follows: The area of selection of content, which can also be referred to as leaning activities. Education in any society is supposed to mould learners to become useful members to the society and develop the culture of that particular society. Therefore administrators have the responsibility to ensure that what is placed in the curriculum is useful and will enable students achieve the objectives and goals of that education system. This is the reason why administrators in education should be professionally equipped with knowledge and skills so as to enable the come up with sensible decisions in education. (Marshall and Oliva2006) Selection and recruitment of personnel in education sector is yet another area that calls for administration. In the modern world unlike in the past, selection of experts to run and play different roles in education is supposed to follow some rules and qualifications of the candidates. The modern world is full of advancements and inventions especially in technology, thus during recruitment some criteria has to be developed by experts already in administration so that competence is maintained throughout in education. The administration plays the responsibility of selecting students to join various levels of education. It does this by setting up standards for students and schools. Selection of resources and materials to meet the needs of students is done by the decision makers which is still the administration from the governmental level down to the school level. It is the decision makers in government who decide the sum of funds to be allocated to the education sector after the budget has been drawn for a state. (Ann, M. 2008) Administration is also concerned with the factor of standards of performance that is the evaluation process. Education can never be complete without measuring the outcome in students the teaching methodologies and the curriculum used, because of this there is need to set up standards in evaluating these programmes. Evaluation brings about improvements, it helps to identify and eliminate unproductive programmes. In students it is for motivational reasons for guidance and counseling as well as grading them. (Marshall and Oliva 2006) Administration is also in involved in the field of certification and employment whereby after completion of a course students graduate to the next higher level or they join the job market. During this time of going to other levels they are given certificates according to their performance and qualifications. The administration is able to certify by checking the standards of summative evaluation especially the examiners, they are also included in the body of administrators. (Perry, M. 2000) Challenges that leaders face in school administration. The quality of administrators and teachers(trainers). These are the professors ,government officials and teachers in schools . The quality is low meaning hat the level of output will be low because they lack skills and competence, This leads to poor performance. It is evident in the field of technology where teachers lack skills in new innovations like the use of digital technology in education system (. Ann, M. 2008). The problem can be responded to by establishment of training centres for administrators and teachers. This will help to prepare them with necessary skills like the information and technology as well as presentation skills. There should encourage workshops seminars and conferences to enable administrators to share ideas on leadership and learn from one another through the interactions. By so doing I feel the administration will notice some improvements in its performance. The issue of low performance is also an obstacle in the education system which leaders face Low performance in the school system is as a result of factors like indiscipline among the learners and the school staff, violent behavior in the school and the low quality of teachers who cannot deliver. In learners indiscipline consist of drug abuse absenteeism from school and so on. While indiscipline administrators, teachers and the other school staff are those who fail to perform their duties alcoholics and lack respect towards their co-worker. This problem can be dealt with through guidance and counseling programmes in schools to rehabilitate especially the drug addict victims. Parent should also be involved in correcting the indiscipline children. I suggest that institutions should also come up with firm rules and regulations concerning indiscipline cases, and then a friendly relationship should be maintained between teachers and students to avoid rebellions in schools because students will feel free to express their feelings. The gap between the advantaged and the disadvantaged is yet another challenge that leaders face in school. This is a barrier in provision of equitable resources in education The well off families are able to provide quality education for their children while the less fortunate lack opportunity to access this education because of lack of resources. This can be solved by measures being put in place to provide education to all regardless of the inequalities in the society and the cultural imperialism. Ann, M. (2008) has explained this issue this means that the government should intervene to provide social justice in the society. Poor leadership and weak management in schools is another big issue of administration in schools. This comes about because of lack of leadership and managerial skills among the people who are given the responsibility to lead and manage schools. Misappropriation and embezzlement of funds and resources is as a result of poor leadership. Due to this the are unnoticeable developments and improvements in schools with weak leadership because the administration misuse funds allocated to schools to meet the learners needs hence performances go drop as the essential needs of students are not provided which affects them negatively. The above problem can be avoided through training leaders in schools to gain leadership and managerial skills to assist them in planning and organizing the programmes in schools and wise budgeting of school basic needs and materials. Leaders should also set up boards to supervise the handling of finance and school resources so that the school administration becomes accountable to the expenditures made this will ensure transparency and accountability in the school management. (Ann, M. 2008) Curriculum in the modern society. Curriculum can be defined as well planned and systematic programmes that enable the process of education to achieve various aims and objectives. Marshall and Oliva (2006). In trying to understand curriculum one needs to have an understanding of these factors. Epistemology where by one has to know what type of knowledge is contained in curriculum and what is to know. The political side of curriculum is who controls selection of knowledge that should be included in the society. Curriculum can be said to be a cultural construction . This is supported by the postmodern theory . The postmodern vision of curriculum research and classroom practices can lead to a just, caring and ecologically sustainable culture In regard to the constructive curriculum Doll (1993) said that â€Å"Being alert to the implications of historical sedimentations in language we use is no destruction. Curriculum can be viewed as a body of knowledge, however this should not make one to take it as syllabus because this perspective tends to take the traditional text book approach as a body of knowledge it makes sense because this makes education to be a process by which knowledge is delivered to learners. People who take curriculum as syllabus are likely to limit themselves in planning content. Curriculum is expected to promote social justice in education. The post modern theory tries to challenge the foundationalism, realism and essentialism that have led to discrimination in respect to race gender and culture because they limit their scope to traditional quantitative beliefs in postmodern theory that will fight gender, cultural and racial discrimination in the modern theory of education. Postmodern argues that it is not easy for a teacher to be called a teacher without being a learner . This is a very important point. Teacchers should be willing to learn from this process of teaching because learning is a life long process. Modern theory assumes that teachers know everything. However there is an argument that learning is a life long process and it will never be complete. (Ann, M. 2008) Supervision in education. It is the process of checking and monitoring the implementation of the curriculum. For example the curriculum developers supervise curriculum implementation and curriculum evaluation. Experts in this section ensure that the curriculum plans, materials and equipment are in good condition. The examination boards supervise administration of exams in schools. They facilitate the setting, moderation and marking as well as the grading of students and the schools. (Sergiovanne, J. 2006). The government is also involved in supervision in education through the ministry of education which takes care and checks maintenance of educational standards in a state. It ensures that all laid down procedures in education are followed and the standards attained. Supervisors in education like any other field need to be trained to acquire necessary skills in supervision. These include skills in setting priorities handling responsibilities communication and other important skills in a profession (Perry, M. 2000) Problems of supervision in schools. The supervision section just like administration they have common challenges which they face since they are both dealing in management of the education system. The major challenge that supervisors face is scarcity of resources and funds to facilitate their functions. There is high demand from the schools for resources to meet the materials and resources required in education especially in trying to provide for the disadvantaged population. This constraint gives supervisors hard time in dealing with the available resources. The gap in the society of poor and rich ,the social injustices are also challenges facing supervisors as well as misappropriation of funds by the authority to schools and lack of skills by some personnel which means poor performances in that field and interference from the government officials. ( Sergiovanne, J. 2006) Conclusion The education system is organized into various programmes and for this process to achieve a success it has to be run by experts in different sections, these administer and supervise the process while the content or learning activities carried out in schools are what we refer to as the curriculum. References Perry, M. (2000) Walking the Line: The Art and Practice of Anti-Racism Teaching for Social Justice. New York: Amazon. Sergiovanne, J. T. (2006). Supervision: A Redifination. New York: Amazon. Doll, W. E. (1993). A post-modern perspective on curriculum. New York: Teachers College Press. Ann, M. D. (2008) Sustainability: a leadership issue. Retrieved on 6th June, 2008 from http://www. sustainabilityaleadershipissue. blogspot. com Marshall, C. Oliva, M. (2006). Leadership for Social Justice: Making Revolutions in Education. New York: Pearson Books.

Odysseus and Aeneas Similar with Important Differences :: Essays Papers

Odysseus and Aeneas Similar with Important Differences Half of the room had their faces painted orange and brown. Half of the room had their faces painted black and yellow. I sat and looked at the other side of the room with total disgust. How could they call themselves Clevelanders as they sat and cheered on the enemy? Then it hit me. They didn’t — none of them called themselves Clevelanders. As I looked around the lounge of Twin Towers, I realized that most of these fans were here to cheer on their home team in the first Cleveland Browns-Pittsburgh Steelers game in three long years. The fans varied in hometown. This ethnocentrism can be traced back all through history — even back to the times of Homer and Virgil. Odysseus and Aeneas were both â€Å"hometown heroes,† and both were also despised by their opposing countries. Odysseus and Aeneas, both epic heroes, were very similar but there are some differences. The differences between Odysseus and Aeneas are representative of their Greek and Roman cultures respectively. Odysseus and Aeneas both have an extremely different view of what the meaning of â€Å"home† is. They also have a contrasting value of importance on home. This is a parallel that follows them throughout their lives. Odysseus left home to fight in the Trojan War. He left to serve his country. After hard work he was victorious. He was forced to go to Hell and back when he was to go home. Of course he did take a long break in paradise to experience the good life. Odysseus landed on the island of Calypso. She is immortal and fell in love with Odysseus. They spent the days having passionate sex and he had the opportunity to stay there forever drinking nectar and eating ambrosia. So why’d he leave? He wanted to go home. Home is extremely important to Odysseus just as home is important for most Greeks. Greece is not a huge country. At no point in history did Greece become a large empire taking over great amounts of land. Greece is a specific place and the Greek traditions are found only within the borders. Aeneas also went to fight in the Trojan War. He also was a national hero. He was a great warrior. Both Odysseus and Aeneas were trying to head home.

Las Vegas Case Study

Overview of Las Vegas & LVCVA Most people might not even think of Las Vegas as a â€Å"product†, or even they think of it as a brand. Places are included in the concept of product. Places could be cities, states, regions, or entire nations. Place marketing involves marketing strategies which contribute to create, maintain and change attitudes and behavior towards particular places. Behind the scenes, the image of Las Vegas is created and maintained by LVCVA, Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority.LVCVA is a private-public agency with the mission statement of â€Å"To attract visitors by promoting Las Vegas as the world’s most desirable destination for leisure and business travel. † Las Vegas has a perception in people’s minds as â€Å"Sin City† for long time, a town full of smoke-filled casinos, bawdy all-girl revues and no-wait weddings. LVCVA wants to broaden the segment of their tourists and reposition the image of Vegas. Some family oriente d facilities were added in the 1990s. However, this family image did not seem to accomplish LVCVA’s purpose.While they are still struggling with a better positioning, the dramatic decline of tourism due to the 9/11 attack forced them to proclaim Las Vegas as a destination of adults. The new Vegas has reinvented itself as a luxury and gaming destination with classy resort hotels & casinos, shopping malls with luxury goods, first-run entertainment & world-renowned restaurants. LVCVA figured that Vegas is more than an assortment of facilities and amenities and what truly attracts tourists is the â€Å"Las Vegas experience† – the adult freedom.The phase â€Å"What happens here, stays here† was created to capture the essence of the Las Vegas experience. The campaign went very well and the tourism industry rose dramatically. Moreover, this thoughtful brand image has been well established because Las Vegas was named as the number two hottest brand by brand consu ltancy Landor Associate. Unfortunately, the recent recession hit Las Vegas tourism industry badly. The natured, naughty, indulgent image of Las Vegas has had a negative impact during the recession.Especially followed by President Obama’s statement, Las Vegas became a less attractive destination for business and leisure travelers. LVCVA made attempts to reposition Vegas as â€Å"affordable† and â€Å"well-desired† to target hard working Americans. But this positioning is less convincing to people with the perception of the well-established image of Vegas. Although a slow recovery has appeared in the past year, the figures are not the same compared to the time before the recession. SWOT Analysis Strengths:Las Vegas has well positioned itself as a destination of adult freedom which differentiates itself from other states around the nation. Moreover, LVCVA concentrates on the total experiences of the tourists and promote Las Vegas as the best place to travel where t ourists would do things that they don’t normally do at their home town. The world-wide brand image of Las Vegas strengthens its position in the tourism industry. The presence of Las Vegas in the global tourism industry is still growing.Especially, Las Vegas was established by various consumption-oriented industries where gaming, tourism, business convention and luxury retailing take place. Also, many illegal activities within the nation are legal in Las Vegas such as gambling and prostitution. The â€Å"luxury† image attracts many affluent parties to visit Las Vegas which contributes to a big part of the revenue. Weaknesses: Although the large consumption-oriented industry provides huge profits for Las Vegas, it has also made the state more susceptible to extreme volatility and recession.During the recession, leisure travelers are aware of their spending as well as reducing their travel expenses. The naughty and indulgent image of Las Vegas does not play very well to a ttract business travelers. In addition, the city has neglected the importance of technology and knowledge-based business companies or factories in which other states are well established. The consumption-oriented industries concentration makes Las Vegas less competitive to attract these business companies. Opportunities: The excellent global presence of Las Vegas is a great opportunity to attract tourists outside of the nation.Most importantly, international travelers are most likely to stay longer than travelers from other states. Longer stays would involve more spending and activities; Thus, revenues for the state. Moreover, the income and activities in China are growing rapidly in recent years. As the income of the Chinese increase, they will want to travel outside of China. Therefore, Chinese travelers would be a great target segment for Vegas. In addition, many companies now use social media and apps to create customer relationships and solutions to better serve their customers .Innovation in technology for the casino business would be another opportunity to attract tourists or gamers. Threats: The existing image will be an issue to project a full recovery after the recession. The buying pattern has changed since the recession, the glamour and luxury image of Las Vegas does not fit the current economic situation and the current consumers’ desired perception. Moreover, unstable oil prices are a threat to Las Vegas which depends majorly on the tourism industry. Rising oil prices will result in higher airfare which reduces both business and leisure travelers.In addition, many states are considering legalize gambling to increase their revenue and that could pose a threat to Las Vegas’s privilege. Case Analysis The most important factor in the tourism industry is the tourists’ travelling experience. It is the experiences that travelers gain while they are travelling. LVCVA understands that they are not just selling Las Vegas; they are selli ng the â€Å"Las Vegas Experience† – the adult freedom. By talking to their old and potential customers, they learned the core customer value. The Vegas visitors want to feel a little naughtier and less inhibited and that is what their customers are buying.To accommodate the benefits the customers are seeking, the actual services and products are provided to the satisfaction of the visitors. Various product features of Las Vegas were produced to target the adult such as casinos, luxury retailers, world-renowned restaurants and five-star hotels. Branding is another strategy LVCVA used to deliver the core customer value. By spending $75 million for ad campaigns, LVCVA successfully boosted the brand message educating consumers of the â€Å"products† Vegas are selling. â€Å"Only Vegas: What happens here, stay here† became the now-familiar catchphrase of Las Vegas.This image has replaced the long pervasive image of â€Å"Sin City† to a luxury and indul gent image. Although this image has been adjusted to â€Å"affordable† and â€Å"well-deserved† during the recession, but the â€Å"Las Vegas Experience† brand image still maintains a consistent meaning to consumers. As research indicated, people still demand the same Vegas they’ve known and loved will still be there during hard economic times. This proves the strength of the Vegas brand image which provides its consumers a consistent meaning and helps them identify the products that benefits them.On the other hand, to manage the brand image, LVCVA also built an augmented product by constantly surveying their previous and potential customers of their Vegas travel experiences. Support service was designed to periodically assess the value of their products offering and brand experiences to obtain feedback and new ideas for future offerings. Because of the constant research and surveys, LVCVA was able to react quickly with their repositioning as well as main tain product benefits to the customers. The most powerful brand positioning builds around strong consumer beliefs and values.However, one-sided brand positioning became a detriment as Las Vegas moves forward. Although the strong brand experience has boosted the presence of Vegas around the world, it also destroys other economic opportunities for the city and makes the city difficult to react during economic changes. When marketing a city, a diverse objective would be beneficial. And it will create flexibility in the city when facing economic changes. A diverse objective is not just concentrating on developing the global tourist and business visitor industries; it will work on attracting different types of companies and businesses.It is because the ever changing external environment makes place marketing a most challenging task. To compete effectively in this current rapidly changing environment, a flexible and proactive real marketing approach must be developed. As a result, the one -sided marketing approach for Las Vegas will have a negative impact when the city moves forward. A real marketing approach must be constantly evaluated and reacts to the current environment. Also, fresh ideas and attractions are needed to maintain the current and potential customers.Therefore, the most recent efforts by the LVCVA will not continue to work since the consumers’ buying habits have changed and the revenue figures will not recover back to the 2007 peak time based on their recent efforts. Most importantly, the efforts are not contributing to the long-term strategy which should be created to adapt to the rapidly changing environment. A diverse marketing approach would require LVCVA to attract international and local companies to their offices in Las Vegas. These companies will provide ob growth and business travelers to Vegas. By diversify its industrial base; the city will find it easier to undergo economic downturn compared to just concentrating on consumption-ori ented industries. LVCVA should create a set of marketing tools to increase the percentage of international visitors. Spending from international visitors will contribute to a big part of revenues in the future if the city can gain support from the government policies to ease travel restrictions and make getting a visa more easily available for foreigners.Opening the door for international visitors will create more job opportunities to immigrants who speak other languages besides English. Also, the city should encourage their citizens to learn a second language and that could possibly create a business opportunity for private language schools. In addition, LVCVA could attract parties to hold international trade shows and conventions in the city. Innovative ideas are also needed to maintain the current products and services offered in Las Vegas. Smartphones are widely used by individuals.Therefore, a technology wise city could be very favorable for modern citizens. Casinos could creat e apps to better serve their customers while they are gambling or offer free Wi-Fi in Casinos. The â€Å"Las Vegas Experiences† provide a great brand experience to the consumers. However, branding is pervasive but functional products and services are not. Las Vegas should provide a consistent image as well as consistent innovative products and services offerings for their consumers. Just like Disneyland will produce new rides or re-decorate the theme parks for holidays.Products and services could be renewed or add new ones to recapture the return of previous visitors and attract potential visitors. As Ralenkotter mentioned â€Å"History has shown that new properties increase visitation across the board†. Although CityCenter might affect the image of Las Vegas, it is one of the attempts to renew the appearance of this place. Las Vegas is still down from the 2007 peak but their brand image is still strong in consumers’ minds. And that represents its ability to fac e the upcoming challenges and changes.

Essay School Safety - A Modest Proposal - 697 Words

In this day and age where school administrators consider backpacks, lockers, and baggy pants to be potential dangers to students and faculty, what will be next? Perhaps pencils, pens, scissors, and glue will be added to the list of items to ban from schools. These, along with other hazardous educational necessities pose real threats to maintaining an orderly school and should be prohibited. Staplers for instance, are nothing but injuries and carnage waiting to happen. A projectile staple, sharper than shards of broken glass and much more unassuming, can take an eye out. Moreover, how many children in this world have accidentally stapled their finger, allowing dirty, rusted metal to enter their bloodstream, causing not only pain†¦show more content†¦And contrary to popular belief, once a limb is gone it will not grow back (think Monty Python). Another common evil scissor sin is tossing a pair of scissors to a classmate when asked â€Å"Hey can you pass those?† So the devilish device is innocently lobbed (or not so innocently) through the air, mutating the once paper trimming device into a veritable spear. The parallel can also be drawn to writing utensils and their frightfully sharpened points. If backed with enough force (F=ma), they morph into virtual daggers, lusting to brutally stab anyone who stands in the way. Worse yet, these weapons have n o prejudices and will strike everyone with the same level of malice and intent to destroy. No one is immune. In any common classroom these items of chaos run amuck, infiltrating nearly every aspect of learning and corrupting America’s youth. Glue, a perfect poison, sits in the teacher’s cabinet, out of sight but not out of reach. Tape, lying inertly in its heavy black (and thus unpure and evil) dispenser on the teacher’s desk simply beckons a student to use it as a truncheon or blunt-edged battery item. Plethoras of pens, pencils, staplers, and paper, the most courteous weapon of mass bloodshed via papercuts, are everywhere, transforming Westlake High School and every other high school in the United States from safe havens of yesterday to underground weapons rings of today, the true workings of Satan. If society does not remedy theseShow MoreRelatedLifeboat Ethics By Garret Hardin And A Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift935 Words   |  4 PagesLifeboat ethics by Garret Hardin and a modest proposal by Jonathan Swift Garrett Hardin in Lifeboat Ethics: The Case against the Poor Garrett Hardin describes about how the well-off states are in the lifeboat and the deprived states are swimming in the sea. He also tells about how the US facilitates other states. 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